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4.7 Beviser til polynomier

Nulpunktssætningen for andengradspolynomier (B-niveau version)
  • Forudsætninger 
    Dette afsnit kræver kendskab til kvadratsætningen

    \[(a+b)^2=a^2+b^2+2ab\]

    Hvis du synes den ser mærkelig ud, så læs afsnit 1.6

Vi vil bevise nulpunktsformlen for andengradspolynomier. Til det bevis har vi brug for følgende regel:

\[(a+b)^2=a^2+b^2+2ab\]

Reglen kaldes også en kvadratsætning. Der er tre kvadratsætning er reglen er altså en af dem.

  • Sætning 4.3.2 (Nulpunktsformler)
    For et andengradspolynomium \(f(x)=ax^2+bx+c\) med diskriminant \(d\) gælder:

    Hvis \(d<0\),

    så er der ingen nulpunkter.

    Hvis \(d=0\),

    så er der et nulpunkt og det er bestemt ved

    \[x=\frac {-b}{2a}\]

    Hvis \(d>0\),

    så er der to nulpunkter \(x_1\) og \(x_2\) og de er bestemt ved

    \[x_1=\frac {-b-\sqrt {d}}{2a}\quad \textrm { og }\quad x_2=\frac {-b+\sqrt {d}}{2a}\]

  • Bevis 
    Et nulpunkt er en \(x\)-værdi hvor \(f(x)=0\). Vi gerne bestemme nulpunkterne for \(f\), så vi skal løse ligningen:

    \[f(x)=0\]

    Vi indsætter forskriften for \(f\):

    \[ax^2+bx+c=0.\]

    Vi ganger ligningen med \(4a\) på begge sider og får:

    \[4aax^2+4abx+4ac=0.\]

    Da \(4aax^2=(2ax)^2\) (tjek det) og \(4abx=2b(2ax)\) (tjek det) kan vi omskrive ligningen til:

    \[(2ax)^2+2b(2ax)+4ac=0.\]

    Vi sætter nu \(F=2ax\) og får så:

    \[F^2+2bF+4ac=0.\]

    Vi trækker nu \(4ac\) fra på begge sider og lægger \(b^2\) til på begge sider så vi får

    \[F^2+2bF+b^2=b^2-4ac.\]

    Vi genkender udtrykket for diskriminanten på højresiden.

    \[F^2+2bF+b^2=d\]

    Venstresiden kan vha. kvadratsætningen omskrives til \((F+b)^2\), så vi får:

    \[(F+b)^2=d.\]

    Hvis \(d<0\) har ligningen ingen løsninger, da noget i anden ikke kan være negativt. Dermed har vi vist første del af sætningen.

    Hvis \(d\geq 0\) så er:

    \[F+b=\pm \sqrt {d}\]

    Vi trækker \(b\) fra på begge sider:

    \[F=-b\pm \sqrt {d}.\]

    Hmm hvad var det nu \(F\) var? Nåh ja det var jo \(2ax\). Det kan vi sætte ind i stedet for \(F\):

    \[2ax=-b\pm \sqrt {d}.\]

    Til slut dividerer vi med \(2a\) på begge sider af lighedstegnet:

    \[x=\frac {-b\pm \sqrt {d}}{2a},\]

    og vi er næsten færdige. Ligningen passer allerede med 3. del af sætningen så vi skal bare tjekke, hvad der sker hvis \(d=0\):

    \[x=\frac {-b\pm \sqrt {0}}{2a}=\frac {-b}{2a},\]

    hvilket også var påstanden i sætningen.

Nulpunktssætningen for andengradspolynomier (A-niveau version)

Dette bevis kræver kendskab til kvadratkomplettering.

  • Sætning 4.3.2 (Nulpunktsformler)
    For et andengradspolynomium \(f(x)=ax^2+bx+c\) med diskriminant \(d\) gælder:

    Hvis \(d<0\),

    så er der ingen nulpunkter.

    Hvis \(d=0\),

    så er der et nulpunkt og det er bestemt ved

    \[x=\frac {-b}{2a}\]

    Hvis \(d>0\),

    så er der to nulpunkter \(x_1\) og \(x_2\) og de er bestemt ved

    \[x_1=\frac {-b-\sqrt {d}}{2a}\quad \textrm { og }\quad x_2=\frac {-b+\sqrt {d}}{2a}\]

  • Bevis 
    Et nulpunkt er en \(x\)-værdi hvor \(f(x)=0\). Vi gerne bestemme nulpunkterne for \(f\), så vi skal løse ligningen:

    \[f(x)=0\]

    Vi indsætter forskriften for \(f\):

    \[ax^2+bx+c=0.\]

    Vi vil gerne kvadratkomplettere, så vi faktoriserer de to første led med \(a\):

    \[a\left (x^2+\frac {b}{a}x\right )+c=0.\]

    Vi kvadratkompletterer:

    \[a\left (\left (x+\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2-\left (\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2\right )+c=0.\]

    Vi trækker \(c\) fra på begge sider og deler med \(a\):

    \[\left (x+\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2-\left (\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2=-\frac {c}{a}.\]

    Vi regner brøken \(\left (\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2\) og lægger den til på begge sider.

    \[\left (x+\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2=\frac {b^2}{4a^2}-\frac {c}{a}.\]

    Vi forlænger brøken \(\frac {c}{a}\) med \(4a\):

    \[\left (x+\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2=\frac {b^2}{4a^2}-\frac {4ac}{4a^2},\]

    og sætter på fælles brøkstreg:

    \[\left (x+\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2=\frac {b^2-4ac}{4a^2},\]

    Vi genkender diskriminanten i tælleren:

    \[\left (x+\frac {b}{2a}\right )^2=\frac {d}{4a^2},\]

    Nævneren i brøken på højresiden er altid positiv (hvorfor?), og derfor vil brøkens fortegn være bestemt af tælleren \(d\).

    Hvis \(d<0\) har ligningen ingen løsninger, da noget i anden ikke kan være negativt. Dermed har vi vist første del af sætningen.

    Hvis \(d\geq 0\) så er:

    \[x+\frac {b}{2a}=\pm \sqrt {\frac {d}{4a^2}}\]

    Vi bruger reglen \(\sqrt {\frac {a}{b}}=\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {b}}\) på højresiden trækker \(\frac {b}{2a}\) fra på begge sider:

    \[x=\pm \frac {\sqrt {d}}{2a}-\frac {b}{2a}.\]

    Vi sætter på fælles brøkstreg

    \[x=\frac {\pm \sqrt {d}-b}{2a},\]

    og bytter rundt på rækkefølgen:

    \[x=\frac {-b\pm \sqrt {d}}{2a}.\]

    Så, hvis \(d>0\) har vi altså to nulpunkter:

    \[x_1=\frac {-b-\sqrt {d}}{2a}\quad \textrm { og }\quad x_2=\frac {-b+\sqrt {d}}{2a}.\]

    Hvis \(d=0\) har vi:

    \[x=\frac {-b\pm \sqrt {0}}{2a}=\frac {-b}{2a},\]

    hvilket betyder at \(f\) har et enkelt nulpunkt nemlig \(x=\frac {-b}{2a}\).